Vaginal carcinoma is a rare malignancy that typically occurs in older women, often associated with HPV infection. Its diagnosis in HIV-positive individuals presents unique challenges due to immune suppression, which allows persistent HPV infection to thrive and potentially lead to cancer. This report highlights the case of a 58-year-old HIV-positive woman diagnosed with advanced vaginal squamous cell carcinoma. The case emphasizes the need for careful consideration of both HIV treatment and oncologic care in the elderly population

Introduction: Introduction Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO) is a severe ophthalmic disease
capable of causing blindness and morbidityif not properlymanaged.Interventional options
include management of systemic and ocular risk factors with intravitreal anti-vascular
endothelial growth factors (IVAVEGF), steroids (IS), gene therapy (GT), peptide-based
agents (PBA) and small molecule inhibitors (SMI).
Aim: To assess visual prognosis, most common etiology and type of occlusion inlarge series
ofpatients after being diagnosed with RVO.
Materials and Methods: Records of patients who had been managed for RVO were
reviewed retrospectively for safety, complication, visual outcome and prognosis. Patients’
demographic data, indications of treatment and length of follow up were collected and
analysed using Welch Two Sample t-test.
Results: Eighty-four eyes of 80 patients (44 females and 36 males) were identified.
Mean age at diagnosis was 57.19 +7 (range 30-70 years) with minimum follow up of 7
years (range 7 – 10). Visual acuities improved in 74 (88.09%), worsened in 4 (4.76%)
and remained unchanged in 6 (7.14%) eyes managed withIVAVEGF, observation and
steroids respectively. The most common etiologies were hypertension 42 (50%),
glaucoma 16 (19.04%) and diabetes 10 (11.90%). Four Yeyes had complications the
most common of whichwas neovascular glaucoma (NVG) 2 (50.00%). Seventy-four
(88.09%) had non ischemic whilst 4 eyes (4.76%) had ischemic occlusions.
Conclusion: Visual prognosis of RVO is generally good with IVAVEGF. IS are useful when
IVAVEGF fails in visual recovery. Novel treatment like GT, PBA and SMI are promising.
Management of underlying systemic and ocular diseases and risk factors is equally
fundamental.

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) comprises over 200 related viruses, with high-risk types like HPV-16 and HPV-18 accounting for about 70% of cervical cancer cases—the fourth most common cancer in women globally.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from September 2024 to February 2025 in the Paediatric OPD of KIMS & RF, targeting adolescent girls aged 12–15 years. The study included all girls within this age group who attended the OPD and provided consent, either personally or through a guardian.

Result: The study sample consisted of 150 adolescent girls aged between 12 and 15 years, and data were collected on their sociodemographic characteristics, as well as their knowledge and attitude regarding HPV vaccination. Among the sociodemographic factors, 13-14 years age group with 34.6% followed by 14-15 years age group with 33.3%. About the knowledge of HPV infection, Cervical cancer and HPV vaccination, majority of participantsdon’t know relevant questions.

Conclusion: The study concludes that inadequate knowledge and negative attitudes toward cervical cancer, HPV infection, and the HPV vaccine among adolescent girls.

Plantar vein thrombosis is a remarkably rare and underdiagnosed vascular condition that affects the venous system of the foot, particularly the medial and lateral plantar veins. While deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the lower limbs is relatively common, isolated involvement of the plantar veins has been documented in only a few dozen cases globally. The rarity of this entity, combined with its nonspecific clinical presentation—typically characterized by unexplained plantar foot pain, worsened by walking, and associated with localized swelling—makes diagnosis particularly challenging. Traditional risk factors for DVT, such as prolonged immobilization, recent surgical procedures, and underlying malignancy, are often present, but in plantar thrombosis, mechanical factors such as repetitive microtrauma from tight footwear, high-impact physical activity, or use of orthotics may play a more central etiological role by damaging vascular endothelium and triggering local thrombogenesis.

Given the subtle clinical signs, imaging is crucial for accurate diagnosis. Doppler ultrasound often demonstrates non-compressible plantar veins with absent flow signals, while magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides more comprehensive anatomical and functional assessment. Key MRI findings include a lack of contrast enhancement within the thrombosed veins, loss of the normal T2 hyperintense signal, and evidence of surrounding soft tissue edema, which further supports inflammatory changes. In our reported case, a 62-year-old obese woman presented with sudden-onset plantar pain, with MRI revealing thrombosis of the medial plantar veins extending into the posterior tibial veins. Timely diagnosis allowed for the initiation of anticoagulant therapy, which remains the cornerstone of treatment and is essential to prevent further thrombotic complications.

Although rare, plantar vein thrombosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of persistent or unexplained plantar foot pain, especially in patients with underlying risk factors. Increased awareness among clinicians and radiologists, along with prompt imaging evaluation, can improve recognition and outcomes for this often-overlooked condition.