Background: Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) reflects ovarian reserve and predicts
ovulation induction outcomes. This study evaluates the impact of serum AMH on ovulation
induction using conventional and extended letrozole regimens in women with PCOS.
Methods: A prospective randomized study was conducted on 148 infertile PCOS women
unresponsive to 2.5 mg letrozole. Group A (conventional) received 5 mg/day from cycle day
2–6, while Group B (extended) received 5 mg/day from day 2–11. Serum AMH levels were
compared between ovulatory and non-ovulatory participants.
Results: Mean AMH levels were higher in non-ovulatory women than ovulatory ones. In the
conventional group, AMH was 4.00 ± 2.88 ng/mL in non-ovulatory vs2.41 ± 1.48 ng/mL in
ovulatory (P = 0.001). In the extended group, AMH was5.59 ± 2.31 ng/mL vs 2.29 ± 1.01
ng/mL respectively (P = 0.001). Overall, elevated AMH correlated significantly with
reduced ovulation rates (P < 0.001).
Conclusion: High AMH levels are inversely associated with ovulatory response in both
protocols. AMH can guide individualized stimulation strategies for better fertility outcomes
in PCOS.

Drug design, or ligand-based drug molecular design of new molecules to interact with a biological target for effective regulation of its activity has been an indispensable and ever-evolving discipline in pharmaceutical research. The addition of newer technologies like Computational Aided Drug Design (CADD) has enriched this process by using computational tools to screen and refine drug candidates, hence empowering for an easy parallel implementation which ultimately shortens the timeline and financial involvement in designing drugs. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its subset Machine Learning (ML), have become increasingly prominent in recent years to facilitate better virtual screening, molecular docking, and predictive modeling which are crucial for the detection of novel therapies especially regarding the diseases with complex etiology like cancer. Nanotechnology-assisted targeted drug delivery systems have been successfully applied to the field, enabling site-specific release of drugs and reducing their side effects while improving therapeutic efficacy. Likewise, the advent of biologics, biosimilars and multitarget drug design has brought new directions to tackle diseases that have evolved from their relatively simple causative pathways.

Ethososomes have been extensively studied since their first development in 1996; different kinds of ethosomal systems have been produced as a result of the addition of new substances to their original composition. A number of different preparation techniques are used to create these novel carriers. Ethosomal dispersions are used in gels, patches, and creams to provide stability and convenience of use. To evaluate their efficacy in dermal/transdermal dispersion, a variety of in vivo models are used in addition to clinical trials. This paper provides a detailed assessment of the effects of ethosomal system components, preparation methods, and their significant roles in determining the final properties of these nanocarriers. Furthermore, new pharmacological dose formulations for ethosomal gels, patches, and creams are highlighted. The study also provides thorough information on the clinical trials and in vivo studies conducted to evaluate these vesicular systems.

Herbal hair oils are increasingly popular due to their natural properties that promote hair growth, nourishment, and overall scalp health. These oils, made from plant-based ingredients such as coconut, amla, brahmi, neem, hibiscus, and essential oils, are rich in bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, and fatty acids that contribute to their therapeutic effects. This review explores the various methods of preparing herbal hair oils, including cold infusion, hot infusion, steam distillation, and maceration, as well as the standardization and quality control processes to ensure consistency, safety, and efficacy. Key evaluation parameters, such as physicochemical properties, microbial testing, active ingredient content, and stability, are critical for ensuring the quality of the final product. The review also highlights the scientific rationale behind the use of herbal ingredients in hair care and discusses the effectiveness of these oils in promoting hair health, preventing hair loss, and treating scalp conditions. Herbal hair oils offer a natural, safe, and effective alternative to synthetic hair care products, aligning with the growing consumer preference for natural personal care solutions

A natural hair care product called herbal shampoo is used to remove oil, debris, and dandruff while strengthening, darkening, and encouraging hair growth. Additionally, it gives the hair gloss, softness, and smoothness. Shampoo for cosmetic purposes is prepared using a variety of medications. These medications have a number of adverse effects, including headaches, nausea, pain, increased scaling, hair loss, and scratching. As a result, an effort is undertaken to create a herbal shampoo that has no negative effects. Herbal shampoo is used to clean hair, condition it, smooth its surface, promote good hair health, and keep it free of dandruff, oil, and lice. Most importantly, its safety benefits are anticipated.Herbal cosmetics have the advantage of being non-toxic, lowering allergic reactions, and having many substances that have been shown to be effective over time. Therefore, in the current investigation, we discovered that the herbal shampoo had good qualities, and we will continue to optimise its benefits for human usage as a cosmetic product. Similar to conventional shampoos, herbal shampoos are cosmetic preparations that use traditional ayurvedic herbs to cleanse the hair and scalp. They are employed to remove pollutants from the environment, oils, dandruff, and grime.

Even though the liver has many receptors, hepatic disorders are becoming one of the rare conditions that cannot be successfully healed for several reasons. Nowadays, a lot of passive targeted delivery methods are used to deliver drugs or genes to treat disorders of interior organs. More importantly, by interacting with target receptors and orienting ligands, entirely different actions would be taken in tandem with the desired cell that was damaged or dysfunctioned. This would improve the accumulation of medication within the target cell and reduce nonspecific toxicity towards other cells or organs. Millions of people worldwide suffer from severe liver illnesses that are incurable despite numerous attempts, necessitating the search for novel therapeutic approaches. Strong medications may not work well enough in vivo or may have negative side effects; this could be significantly improved by increasing distribution into the target cells. Our goal is to provide an overview of the available options for medication administration to the different intrahepatic cell types.