The delivery of transdermal drugs (TDDs) has been a successful and non-invasive substitute for oral and parenteral administration, preventing liver metabolism and gastrointestinal decomposition and increasing bioavailability. This review follows the development of TDD over four generations, ranging from basic passive diffusion to complex bioelectronic integration. We investigate the physiological difficulties posed by the structure of the "cement and mortar" layer of the corneum and by the intercellular, transcellular and appendage micropaths used for molecular transport. The thermodynamic foundations of the Fick law and the use of computational QSPR models are discussed in the prediction of drug permeability. We also emphasize the revolutionary effect of high-resolution 3D printed microneedles for pain-free delivery and new developments in nanomedicine such as solid lipid nanoparticles and ethosomes. The analysis concluded by examining the latest technologies, including a "Smart" closed loop system for autonomous dosage and the use of microneedles to deliver and stabilize mRNA vaccines. Modern TDD systems combine material sciences, computational physics, and bioelectronics and can transform personalized and non-invasive treatments.

Compared to traditional dose forms, Fast Dissolving Films offer a number of benefits. Because of their enhanced dissolution and quick disintegration, they are now regarded as one of the most significant drug delivery systems. They bridge the gap between the two concepts by combining the advantages of both solid and liquid dosage forms into a sophisticated, stable, and efficient delivery system. They do this by combining the better stability of a solid dosage form with the good application of a liquid. Therefore, they are crucial in emergency situations like allergic responses and asthma attacks when prompt action is required. They bridge the gap between the two concepts by combining the advantages of both solid and liquid dosage forms into a sophisticated, stable, and efficient delivery system. They do this by combining the better stability of a solid dosage form with the good application of a liquid. Therefore, they are crucial in emergency situations like allergic responses and asthma attacks when prompt action is required. As a result, the majority of pharmaceutical companies are finding it difficult to create oral films for a variety of active pharmaceutical ingredients due to the rapid growth of this technology.

Hydrodynamically controlled systems, also known as floating drug delivery systems (FDDS), are low-density devices with enough buoyancy to float over the contents of the stomach and stay buoyant there for an extended amount of time without interfering with the process of gastric emptying. The medication is gradually discharged from the system at the appropriate pace while it is floating on the stomach contents. The residual system is cleared from the stomach following the drug's release. Increased GRT and improved control over variations in plasma medication concentration are the outcomes of this. However, a minimal degree of floating force (F) is also necessary to maintain the dose form consistently buoyant on the meal's surface, in addition to the minimal stomach content needed to enable the correct implementation of the buoyancy retention principle. Granules, powders, capsules, tablets, laminated films, and hollow microspheres have all been used to create a variety of buoyant systems.

This review comprehensively assesses the scientific basis, formulation and clinical significance of the spray bandage as an innovative wound care solution. The skin, acting as the body’s primary defense, poses both targeted, sustained therapeutic effects. Spray bandage: overcome this challenge to drug delivery; the stratum corneum restricts transdermal absorption, while wound sites require targeted, sustained therapeutic effects. Spray bandages overcome these challenges by conforming to the irregularities of the wound, preserving moisture levels, facilitating controlled medication delivery and improving patient comfort and adherence. This article explores the film-forming process, categorises sprays (including natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic), and discusses integrated active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), essential excipients, and volatile solvents. The evaluation concludes that spray film forming technologies hold significant potential to revolutionise topical and transdermal wound care, provided they are supported by rigorous clinical validation and standardised manufacturing procedures.

Heterocyclic compounds are cyclic compounds with one or more atoms of other elements in addition to carbon. Heteroatoms are non-carbon atoms like these rings. The most prevalent heteroatoms are oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. A benzene ring (B) is fused to the 4 and 5 positions of an imidazole ring (C) to form benzimidazole (A), a fused aromatic imidazole ring system. Another name for benzimidazoles is 1,3-benzodiazoles. A family of bioactive substances with significant use in the pharmaceutical industry is benzimidazole and its derivatives. Benzimidazole Derivatives' Antifungal Action Mechanism through a variety of ways, benzimidazole derivatives demonstrate their antifungal actions, frequently impacting vital fungal cellular functions. Different medicinal uses for substituted benzimidazole derivatives include anti-histaminic, anti-ulcer, anti-psychotic, and antifungal properties. Numerous medications are already available on the market as a result of the optimization of benzimidazole-based structures. Benzimidazole fungicides are a broad-spectrum, extremely effective fungicide that significantly reduces a range of crop diseases.

Curcuma longa Linn. (turmeric) is a widely recognized medicinal plant with significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by persistent synovial inflammation, joint destruction, and systemic complications. Curcumin, the principal bioactive constituent of Curcuma longa, exerts therapeutic effects by modulating multiple molecular targets, including NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. This review comprehensively evaluates the phytochemical profile, pharmacological mechanisms, preclinical and clinical evidence, and advanced formulation strategies of Curcuma longa in RA management. Despite promising outcomes, limitations such as poor bioavailability and variability in clinical efficacy highlight the need for further research and well-designed clinical trials. [1-5]

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the biggest threat to global public well-being in the 21st century, causing millions of deaths yearly if we do not do anything to get rid of this problem. The reduced effectiveness of currently used antibiotics, along with a festering drug development pipeline, requires the study of new treatment decisions. Plant-derived phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, phenolic acids, essential oils, and saponins, have appeared as attractive options due to their structural variety and multi-target actions. To combat drug-resistant infections, these chemicals disrupt cell membranes, flow pumps, and quorum sensing while also producing reactive oxygen species. Also, the possibility of synergy with existing antibiotics gives an approach for restoring the effectiveness of older medications. This study critically evaluates the antibacterial efficacy of essential plant compounds against WHO priority-specific resistance infections, investigates the mechanisms behind resistance change, and examines ethnobotanical evidence from traditional medicinal systems. Regulatory hurdles, such as a lack of bioavailability, a lack of standardisation, and translation issues, are also addressed. Future initiatives, such as nanotechnology-based delivery systems and metabolomics powered by artificial intelligence, are identified as feasible paths to speed the integration of plant compounds into standard antimicrobial therapy.