Capsule endoscopy is one of the most revolutionary advancements in gastrointestinal diagnostics, providing a non-invasive, patient-friendly alternative to traditional endoscopic techniques. This innovative technology involves a swallowable capsule with a miniature camera, a power source, and wireless data transmission capabilities, allowing for comprehensive imaging of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the small bowel. In terms of the use of new and advancing technologies such as high-resolution imaging, artificial intelligence for image analysis, and bidirectional communication, diagnostic accuracy and clinical use have significantly increased. It's particularly effective for detecting small bowel disorders, gastrointestinal bleeding, tumors, and inflammatory conditions such as Crohn's disease.

Despite these benefits, such as increased patient comfort and improved diagnostic sensitivity, there are challenges such as high cost, limited battery life, potential retention, and inability to intervene therapeutically. Future innovations, such as smart capsules with therapeutic functions, real-time monitoring, and integration with telemedicine, suggest that capsule endoscopy is poised to revolutionize the delivery of personalized gastrointestinal care. Ethical and regulatory considerations such as data privacy and standards compliance remain essential for its mass adoption. The review will thus discuss the technology, applications, benefits, challenges, and future prospects of capsule endoscopy while emphasizing its role in transforming the next generation of gastrointestinal diagnostics.

It is a very serious global health issue as it reduces the effectiveness of antibacterial drugs and also makes the treatment of infectious diseases quite challenging. Thus, this review highlights complex factors of antibiotic resistance that include the misuse and overuse of antibiotics both in health and agriculture sectors while reporting genetic mechanisms through which resistance develops. Several major antibiotic-resistant pathogens already identified include multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. These are the greatest public health threats, thus it is a great move to discuss some of these current approaches that will in turn help combat this crisis of antibiotic resistance including stewardship programs, developing new antimicrobials, as well as prevention through vaccinations. We further discuss the role of international health organizations, especially the World Health Organization, in coordinating efforts across the globe to contain the increasing menace of antimicrobial resistance through surveillance, research, and cooperative actions. Finally, we introduce new approaches which may change the face of the future of antibiotic resistance management: phage therapy, CRISPR technology, and use of antimicrobial peptides. This is a big step forward toward the goal but leaves many serious challenges open for the door: economic and regulatory ones related to developing new antibiotics, access imbalances concerning medications, and public knowledge and awareness lacunas. Ultimately, comprehensive, multi-institutional collaboration is what will get this job done: ensure antibiotics continue working well and continue protecting public health.

The pharmacokinetic process namely absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the drug may be affected due to the food-drug interaction. It’s important to study because at smaller or wider levels the lack of knowledge of food-drug interaction affects the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics which gives rise to potential adverse effects or altered therapeutic outcomes. To avoid this type of complication healthcare professionals need to provide basic food-drug interaction knowledge about prescribed drugs to the patient to minimize the risk and improve the drug effects for faster recovery. To increase patient safety it’s necessary to highlight the commonly prescribed drugs (such as Amoxicillin, Omeprazole, Cephalexin, Atorvastatin, Vitamin D) and food-drug interaction. This review provides information about various commonly prescribed food-drug interactions and it will help healthcare professionals in prescribing drugs cautiously with an appropriate diet to avoid complications.

The beta cell of the pancreas (in the Langerhans islets) integrates and secretes insulin, a peptide hormone. The body builds glucose in the blood, supplying it to fat, liver, and skeletal muscle cells for carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. More than millions of people die from diabetes mellitus (DM) each year worldwide. It is a leading effect of cognitive state and destruction. Drugs among increasing numbers on the market fail to provide a complete and effective treatment for DM due to their side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal irritation. A novel drug delivery system (NDDS) can be defined as a new  technique for developing inventive formulations, procedures, and techniques to safely deliver pharmaceutical compounds in the body and achieve their desired pharmacological effects. New pharmaceutical forms are formulated to have smaller particle sizes, higher permeability parameters, and selective site targeting. NDDSs (Nasal Delivery Systems) serve as carriers, maintaining the drug concentration within the therapeutic window for extended periods to ensure controlled and sustained release. The aim is to minimize undesired effect and improve the therapeutic effect. In this paper, we aimed to assess how well people with diabetes who visit our clinic understand various topics related to preventing and treating diabetes-related issues.

The liver is the top most organ and one of the most significant. It's top organ of the mortal body, tried and true for a grouping of capacities that offer help back digestion frame, immersion, vitamin capacity and detoxification. Hepatotoxicity, or liver damage due to exposure to chemicals and medicines, is a major concern in medicine remedy, leading to complications ranging from mild enzyme elevations to acute liver failure. liver This review focuses on common specifics associated with hepatotoxicity, their mechanisms of action, clinical counteraccusations, and strategies for forestallment and operation. specifics are a major beginning of acute hepatic injury. further than 700 medicines, poisons and herbal remedies are known to beget liver damage. The liver plays a vital part in the detoxification of colorful specifics. specifics that can be taken to treat the complaint can beget severe hepatotoxicity. Some medicines (troglitazone, trovafloxacin, etc.) can be move out of the request because of their acute or chronic liver injury. Thus, all in all the miracle of Drug cause liver damage (medicine- convinced hepatotoxicity), so many proved colorful aspects of DIHT, also agitating the medium of medicine toxin. remedial options for DIHT include medicine termination, conservative measures and liver transplantation in cases of non-paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Technological advances since the coming from hereditary revolution now give unknown power to distinguish and measure the covalently linkage revision of independent selected proteins and their practical out- turn. The statistics should significantly ameliorate our understanding of medicine- convinced hepatotoxic responses.

The first important stage of plant formulation preparation are extraction processes. Modern methods of extraction, highly effective and advanced, have played a crucial role in the progression of traditional herbal remedies. Significant strides in the development of modern techniques for extracting and analyzing medicinal plants will ensure the availability of top-tier herbal products to consumers globally. In the development of analytical techniques for identifying constituents in botanicals and herbal preparations, various extraction methods are used for sample preparation. In this thesis, the principles of operation, influencing factors, research advancements, and strengths and weaknesses of different extraction approaches are discussed. Natural medicines have long relied on methods that save solvents and energy, especially for thermolabile phytocompounds. For centuries, natural products have been the sole means of preventing and curing human diseases. They serve as an essential source of drugs. The quantities of bioactive natural products in natural medicines are typically quite low. Today, methods for extracting and isolating bioactive natural products are crucial and highly preferred. The paper provides an overview of techniques used in the past for extracting and isolating natural products. In this paper, the techniques used in research on natural products, both conventional and modern, are compared with their advantages, disadvantages, and practical examples presented.

The globalization of the pharmaceutical industry has transmute  the landscape of healthcare, presenting both chances and challenges. This article explores the historical context and current trends shaping the industry, including the addition of markets and the rise of emerging economies. Technological advancements, such as digital transformation, artificial intelligence, and e-commerce, are driving innovations in drug development and distribution, further emphasizing the interconnectedness of global health systems.

However, the globalization of the pharmaceutical sector also raises significant regulatory challenges. interpretations in regulatory frameworks across countries can complicate drug approval processes and hinder market access. Efforts towards regulatory alteration are essential to streamline operations and ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines worldwide.

Supply chain dynamics play a crucial role in the globalization of the pharmaceutical industry. The increasing elaborateness of global supply chains poses risks that need resilient strategies to safeguard against disruptions. Additionally, pricing strategies in diverse markets raise ethical considerations, particularly concerning access to medicines in developing countries.

The implications for public health are profound, with global health initiatives and associations aimed at addressing health disparities and enhancing pandemic preparedness. As the industry evolves, understanding these trends and their implications is overcritical for stakeholders to navigate the future landscape of pharmaceuticals. This article features the need for adaptive strategies to meet the demands of a rapidly changing global market, ensuring the availability of safe and effective medications for all.

DDIs are indeed one of the major challenges of clinical practice, as they impact on drug efficacy and results with dangers to patient safety. This review thus overviews the mechanisms, risk factors, clinical implications, and managing strategies involving DDIs. The two types of DDIs are pharmacokinetic, these include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), and pharmacodynamics interactions involve additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects. Both patient-specific factors, for example, age, comorbidities, genetic variability, and drug-specific characteristics, including narrow therapeutic index medications, play a crucial role in DDI risk.

The clinical effects of DDIs are broad and often range from decreased effectiveness of the treatment or adverse interaction, with a potential risk for hospitalization. To help identify and predict DDIs better, various in vitro and in vivo models, computerized prediction tools, and pharmacogenomics testing are applied. The healthcare provider plays a significant role in managing and preventing DDIs by means of medication reconciliation, educating the patient, as well as adjusting drug regimens. Further, recent technological innovations including electronic health records and DDI alert systems have helped in the handling of DDI.

While DDI detection and reporting face challenges, advances in artificial intelligence offer promising future directions for more accurate prediction and management. This review underscores the importance of DDI awareness among healthcare professionals and highlights strategies for enhancing patient safety through effective DDI management

Nutraceuticals combine "nutrition" and "pharmaceutical," meaning they are foods or parts of foods that play an important role in keeping the body healthy. The nutraceutical market is growing worldwide because of changes in health trends and population growth. These foods include things like dietarydietry fiber, prebiotics, probiotics, healthy fats, antioxidants, and natural or herbal foods. Nutraceuticals help fight common health problems like obesity, heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis, arthritis, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Overall, nutraceuticals have brought a new way of thinking about medicine and health, where the food industry focuses more on research to improve health.

Purpose- Microemulsions are liquid mixtures of surfactants used, water-based, and oils which are isotropic transparent, &thermally steady often in combination through a co-surfactant. Method-Phasei Titrationi Technique Phase diagrams may be used to illustrate micro emulsions, which remain formed used the naturally occurring Emulsifying technique (also referred to as phases titrations method)7.10Drug solubility6000 rpm for 10min at room temperature following continuous stirring for 24 hours. Globule size and zeta potentiali. Utilizing a Zeta sizer HSA 30001Dilutes abilities test produced microemulsions are diluted in ratios of 1:101 and 1:1001. The "oil" might be a complex blend of different olefins and hydrocarbons, while salts and other materials could be present in the aqueous phase. Microemulsions create by merely mixing the components, in contrast to conventional oils, that required severe shear conditions to produce. Furthermore, the droplet size in these microemulsions is consistent, falling between 100 and 1000 A (10 and 100 nm), and Interfacial pressure between oil and water was remarkably low. Nowadays, the use of microemulsion in a variety of technological applications is a rapidly expanding business with global relevance. Since the droplet size of microemulsions is not as much of than 125% on the wavelength of observable bright, they remain glowing. Microemulsions in enhanced oil recovery Micro-emulsion for coating and textile finishing. Conclusions Micro-emulsion for detergency, small emulsion in beauty, small emulsion in agricultural products. Current And Future   Developments Fluconazole Antifungal Topical, Piroxicam NSAID Topical drug delivery side This article attempts to illustrate the importance of microemulsions as DD Vehicles by giving a general review of their creation, characterization, and use in different drug delivery routes.

Phytosomes are an advanced drug delivery system that increases the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of herbal extracts. Traditional herbal formulations often fail because of very poor solubility, rapid degradation, and limited absorption that hinder their clinical application. The complexes of active phytochemicals in the form of phospholipid complexes of phytosomes greatly improve the solubility and stability of these types of active compounds and make targeted delivery to specific tissues possible. This technology has several advantages over traditional herbal extracts-including better bioavailability, prolonged release, and minimized side effects. There are several methods of preparation-including solvent evaporation and high-pressure homogenization-allowing phytosomes to be formulated in efficient ways. Applications of phytosomes involve not only pharmaceuticals but nutraceuticals and cosmetics as well, showing their applicability for performance enhancement in the product. It still suffers from formulation, regulatory compliance, and cost-effectiveness problems that hinder its more universal application in the clinical field. Major future research lines focus on innovative formulations, new preparation techniques, and fully exploiting the phytosomes' potential in the medical field. Therefore, phytosomes have bright prospects in herbal medicine fields of changing the landscape by filling the gap between traditional medicinal remedies and modern drug delivery systems

The use of herbal plants in medicines and cosmetics has been prevalent throughout history. People have long recognized their ability to treat various skin diseases and improve skin appearance. The herbal industry has made significant advancements in the 21st century, with herbal ingredients becoming more preferred over chemical substances due to their accessibility and minimal side effects. Cosmetics play a crucial role in enhancing the beauty and character aspects of individuals. They not only take care of the skin and body but also work towards preventing skin damage and ageing with the help of active ingredients. Herbal cosmetics have become popular among the population as they are believed to be effective and safe for regular use in daily life, avoiding the adverse effects commonly associated with synthetic products. Continuous use of synthetic compounds on the skin causes many adverse effects such as skin irritation, allergies, discoloration, and rashes. In contrast, the herbs used in the preparation of these skin cosmetics have general motives like providing antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, antiseptics, and antimicrobial properties. The purpose of this review article is to survey herbs for various skincare needs. Nature contains various types of herbs that gently improve and clarify the skin in different ways.

These polyherbal formulations involve a blend of various medicinal plants, and although single herbs are slowly gaining ascendancy over conventional systems of healing, the formulation of polyherbal formulations still involves specific challenges requiring a multidisciplinary approach in which pharmaceutics plays an important role. The challenge that is being universally recognized and is therefore addressed within this context is one of ensuring the optimal design, formulation, and delivery of polyherbal drugs to improve their therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability while maintaining stability and safety. This review comprehensively discusses the imperative aspects related to the development of polyherbal formulations, starting from the selection of herbs with their pharmacological properties followed by the methods of extraction and standardization of the active components. The physicochemical properties encompassed under solubility and particle size play an important role in the discussion and have a resulting impact on both bioavailability and absorption. Stability studies, particularly accelerated testing and estimates of shelf life, are considered fundamental in sustaining the validity of herbal products under various environmental conditions. Quality control of high-quality products also depends on regulatory guidelines and the safety assessment of polyherbal formulations.

As the rise in chronic diseases prevalence continues, so does the increasing necessity of polypharmacy, which in turn challenges adherence compliance, drug interactions, and tailored dosing. 3D Printing in Pharmaceutical Industry. This technology of designing and manufacturing multi-drug dosage forms into one single customized unit holds promise. This paper looks at the technological advancements, preparation methods, and clinical utilization of 3D printing in multi-drug delivery with a focus on applying the method to the multifaceted issue of polypharmacy of delivering multiple drugs in one single, specific dose with individualized release profiles. Some of the main chapters include the types of 3D printing methods available in pharmaceuticals, like Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and issues related to material selection as well as problems associated with the layering of drugs for controlled release. In addition, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations have also been made whereby the accuracy of 3D printing is associated with drug absorption, metabolism, and interaction in a single dose of medication. The possible future use of such complexity in multi-drug treatments, which could be made for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and neurological disorders, could increase benefits for the most vulnerable: the elderly and pediatric populations suffering from polypharmacy problems. Regulatory and ethical aspects are posed to call attention to a need to address quality control and patient safety standards before commercialization of 3D printed multi-drug products. In this regard, the article outlines the directions toward integrating nanotechnology and artificial intelligence for more personalised dosing in the future. The integration of all the research up to date as well as the discussion of the challenges for the future portrays that 3D printing holds the potential of transforming the pharmacy practice into a safer and more effective treatment for patients.

Motor neuron disorder (MND), also known as ALS, is a spectrum disorder that leads to the deterioration of corticospinal and alpha motor neurons, resulting in weakness in muscles such as those in the abdomen and bulbar region. It also affects eye muscles and sphincter function. Research suggests that approximately 2 out of every 100,000 people worldwide are affected by MND, causing muscle weakness, paralysis, speech difficulties, swallowing problems, and severe respiratory issues. ALS has both genetic and environmental causes, as well as various presentations. Early recognition of symptoms and appropriate laboratory evaluations are crucial to prevent diagnostic delays and misdiagnosis. Recognizing related motor neuron diseases can help provide proper counselling to patients and prevent misdiagnosis. This review aims to explore advances in understanding and managing motor neuron diseases, including their pathophysiology, diagnosis, types, current therapeutic approaches, pharmacological treatments, symptomatic and supportive care, and emerging therapies for future directions and management

This paper aims to examine the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in human healthcare and a number of critical areas as well as their effects. The first section of the report explains the history of artificial intelligence in the healthcare department and about the present report. When the show’s host discusses the use of such a technology it then proceeds to explore some of the fields in which AI is registering a considerable impact. In the presented section on Medical Imaging and Diagnosis, objectives of the usage of AI in the analysis of medical images, forms of pictures that may be analysed, valuable use of AI in diagnosis, and samples of AI applications are elaborated. In the section about the personalized medicine the change in working of healthcare as a result of the use of AI to analyze patient data, linking of Genetic data and patient records, and creating personalized treatment plans are discussed. Going further, the report looks into the application of AI in the drugs discovery and development processes the challenges facing drug discovery, how AI can speed up the discovery of drugs, machine learning algorithms and predictive modelling, as well as the AIenabled clinical trials and drug optimization. Virtual assistants and chatbots are reviewed as AI solutions in healthcare with regards to advantages, patient awareness, remote surveillance, feasible applications, concerns, and disadvantages. The section on enrollment data shares the information on enrollment trends, proactive data analytics for patient profiling, and the use of predictive modeling for developing strategies for early intervention of disease conditions. The report then turns to robot-assisted surgery looking at the introduction of robot- assisted surgery, advantages of using AI-enabled robotic systems, surgical accuracy, improvements in capabilities, existing uses and future potential. Organizational and process changes are considered in relationship to automating administrative tasks, improving the scheduling and billing processes, handling of EHRs and the consequences for human health care workers and patients. Altogether, this report can be Actually consider a detailed overview of how AI is being applied to human-healthcare to enhance the approach by which health-care is delivered, enhance Patient’s outcomes and changing the health-care system.

Drug discovery stands at the heart of developing new therapies; that is the engine behind the medical science in developing new and healthy approaches to save life. As such, the pharmaceutical industry needed rapid responses during the COVID-19 pandemic, so AI was called for finding potential drug candidates. The pharmaceutical industry changes in crises since AI lowers the time and the cost significantly in discovering drugs. Vast data, whether big or small, are efficiently analyzed and processed by AI so that drug candidates are optimized, and drug-target interactions can be predicted, thus shortening the timeline of discovering new treatments.

Rapid advancement of AI technology in drug discovery presents significant challenges for regulatory bodies to maintain safety and efficacy profiles of new treatments. And despite AI's great stride, it still has obstacles in the field. Data integrity and regulatory frameworks are important, as well as the ethical concerns associated with them. The trend of essential integration of AI into drug discovery is sure to emerge given the current evolution of technology, providing the potential for more personalized and effective treatments that can address both current and future health care demands.

Biodynamic agriculture is a system of farming that emerges with the coupling of metaphysics and other ideas, resulting in a sustainable agriculture method. Through a comparison of concepts, techniques, and advantages, this paper examines conventional or organic farming and biodynamic agriculture. Biodynamic farming practices are evaluated through scientific studies and cases to determine their effects on soil health, crop productivity, environmental sustainability, and economic viability. Discussions are made on what sets biodynamics apart, for instance, there is biodynamic use of preparations and moral and spiritual elements, which are tied to the limitations and challenges experienced by biodynamic agriculture and avenues for further research and development. Biodynamic agriculture or farming was developed to create a stronger and more sustainable food system, as understood through the overall review

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions worldwide. Donepezil hydrochloride, a cholinesterase inhibitor, is commonly prescribed to manage AD symptoms, but its oral administration can result in significant side effects and fluctuating plasma concentrations. Transdermal patches offer an alternative drug delivery method, providing controlled release, improved patient compliance, and minimized systemic side effects.

This study explores the formulation and evaluation of transdermal patches containing Donepezil Hydrochloride, aimed at improving the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Donepezil, a cholinesterase inhibitor, is traditionally administered orally but presents challenges such as variable bioavailability and gastrointestinal side effects. The transdermal route offers advantages, including sustained drug delivery, improved patient compliance, and bypassing first-pass metabolism.

Patches were formulated using polymeric matrices with varying ratios of polymers such as ethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol. Drug release studies, permeation studies, and stability assessments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the formulations. In vitro skin permeation studies demonstrated that the optimized patches released Donepezil at a controlled rate, maintaining therapeutic levels over an extended period. Evaluation of skin irritation potential confirmed biocompatibility.

The results indicate that transdermal delivery of Donepezil can enhance therapeutic outcomes while minimizing side effects, presenting a viable alternative to oral administration. Further clinical studies are warranted to validate the efficacy and safety of these transdermal patches in Alzheimer's treatment.

The controlled release formulation for anti- diabetic drug to enhance the theraoptic  efficiecy  , improve patient compliance by maintaining consistent drug concentration in the in the bloodstream over an extended period. The review focus on the development of the controlled release  system for anti-diabetic drug such as Metformin and thaizolidinediones. The review also heighlights challenge related to drug stability, bioavailability, and patient specific factor. Through an analysis of the current literature this paper object to provide insights  into the future directions of Controlled releasae formulation for anti-diabetic drug for the focus on theraoptic outcomes and minimizing adverse effects.

Pharmacovigilance, or PV, has grown and spread its impact in research and development widely over the last several years and has drawn specific attention from the medical fraternity. This paper elaborates on the background, major process, and importance of pharmacovigilance for the safety of drugs. In examining the different key activities of a PV system, this paper portrays how PV plays an essential role in industries of the pharmaceutical sector.  Drug safety concerns spurred radical development in pharmacovigilance. In the 1950s, the US Food and Drug Administration, along with the medical institutions, began monitoring adverse drug reactions responsible mainly for some serious blood disorders, which were caused by chloramphenicol. This led to the 1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendments requiring assessment and reporting of adverse drug events. After that, the pharmaceutical companies developed core pharmacovigilance functions, namely case management, signal detection, and benefit-risk management. In clinical trials, informed consent and ethics committee review ensure that patients’ safety is guaranteed. Lastly, safe starting dose for humans is determined from animal studies, and safety profile of new drugs is communicated to relevant parties. Monitoring the product’s safety and ensuring appropriate medical use through managing risks is a part of post-marketing surveillance. Maintaining readiness for regulatory inspections is another corporate priority. Advances in technologies such as biomedical informatics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning will influence the future of pharmacovigilance. To keep up with these shifting tides of drug safety, the next generation of pharmaceutical professionals will require developing new skill sets.

Pharmacovigilance is a critical aspect of drug safety monitoring, aimed at detecting, assessing, understanding, and preventing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). This review explores the historical evolution of pharmacovigilance, highlighting key milestones that have shaped current practices. Today, pharmacovigilance encompasses various data collection methods, including spontaneous reporting systems and electronic health records, which play a vital role in ensuring patient safety.

Despite advancements, challenges persist, such as the underreporting of adverse events and issues related to data quality and standardization, particularly in developing countries. Emerging technologies, including big data analytics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning, are revolutionizing pharmacovigilance practices by enabling real-time monitoring and enhancing the efficiency of data analysis.

A global perspective reveals differences in pharmacovigilance practices across countries, underscoring the importance of international collaboration and standardization of protocols. Future directions for pharmacovigilance include integrating drug safety monitoring into clinical practice and adapting to personalized medicine paradigms, ensuring a proactive approach to patient safety.

Furthermore, addressing educational and training needs for healthcare professionals is essential for fostering a culture of safety. This review emphasizes that continued innovation, collaboration, and commitment to drug safety will shape the future landscape of pharmacovigilance, ultimately improving patient outcomes and public health.

Autoimmune diseases remain a true therapeutic challenge - one's immune system turns against the very body. The traditional concepts and treatment strategies may offer little or no long-term gain or impact on the progression of disease. Immunotherapy's progress now presents new challenges in the management of this group of diseases. Discussion of the latest breakthroughs related to the application of immunotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis has been reviewed. We elaborate mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy through a consideration of various classes of immunotherapeutic agents, such as monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors, and new T-cell therapies. Results from recent clinical trials are positive and have a potential in terms of influencing patient outcomes and lowering the activity of diseases. However, side effects, variability in response among patients, and economic considerations pose great obstacles toward widespread use. In the near future, customized medicine and combination treatments will possibly lead to better methods in fine-tuning immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases. It is necessary to highlight more research studies in understanding better how immunotherapy would help in redefining the landscape of treatment for autoimmune diseases.

Dopamine is a very essential neurotransmitter playing crucial roles in regulating various brain functions, like movement, motivation, and reward processing. Dopamine is strongly related to a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, addiction, and depression. Despite huge steps in understanding dopamine, its neural pathways, receptor systems, and the problem associated with a lack of effective therapies continue to cause significant obstacles for further advance within this field.

This review is concerned with the challenges and opportunities in the future of dopamine research. Challenges would include targeting dopamine receptors with much sharper precision, drug treatments being much limited today, and the need for detailed maps of dopamine activity in real-time-that stands out as posing great challenges. But exciting opportunities are promised by rapid advancements in imaging technologies, genetic research, artificial intelligence, and nanotechnology. Emerging research into the gut-brain axis, the impact of dopamine on the immune system, and its impact on neuroplasticity and aging is melting away the bounds of what we assumed we knew about this neurotransmitter.

Thus, the following studies on dopamine are enormous in prospects, and interdisciplinarity now opens new windows of insight and therapeutical possibilities. Overcoming existing challenges may unleash further treatments for dopamine-related disorders, enabling enhancements of quality of life among patients.

Liver cirrhosis is very common and can occur due to various causes like weight gain, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, high intake of alcohol, hepatitis, immunological disease etc. Liver is a very important organ in our body, it is responsible for various function like, detoxification, bile production and metabolic regulations due to which sometimes it gets affected and that continuous damage leads to liver cirrhosis. The pathophysiology of cirrhosis include occurring of cirrhosis after a long time of inflammation which leads to development of dense connective tissue and hepatic regenerative nodules resulting in cirrhosis, as condition worsens fatigue, jaundice and abdominal swellings become evident as the stage of liver cirrhosis advances. Diagnosis of liver cirrhosis includes various test like physical test, laboratory tests, imaging studies and liver biopsy, in case the patient is in advance stage, it also include study of combination of medical history of the patient. It often leads to high mortality rate. Therapy is mainly focused on the root cause an symptoms. Management of Liver cirrhosis can be done by changing ones lifestyle, taking medication to reduce symptoms ,and in worse conditions a liver transplantation can be done. Prevention can be done by, low alcohol intake, proper vaccination hepatitis, preventing overweighting, and taking proper care of our body. In most of the cases liver cirrhosis is early detected leading to increase survival and better life. This review aims to explorer about liver cirrhosis and understanding its causes symptoms and also reviewing its prevalence and global impact by studying about its risk factor pathophysiology and how it is diagnosed and also about its management.

Herbal components derived from natural sources are gradually replacing synthetic materials in the pharmaceutical industry. These components, which originate from herbs, are biocompatible and possess medicinal value. They play essential roles in drug formulations as binders, stabilizers, and other key ingredients. Herbal excipients are highlighted in this review, revealing their uses in pharmaceutical preparations, roles in drug formulations, and advantages over synthetic excipients. We also delve into the challenges and future prospects of herbal excipients in creating sustainable and effective drug delivery system. This review brings to light the uses of herbal excipients in pharmaceutical preparations, their roles in drug formulations, and their advantages over synthetic excipients. The challenges and future prospects of herbal excipients in developing sustainable and effective drug delivery systems are also discussed.

Chimeric –Antigen- Receptor (CAR) T-cell-therapy describes a greater advancement in malignant cure treatment, especially for hematologic malignant such as B-cell -Acute Lymphoblastic- Leukemia (B-ALL) and Non-Hodgkin- Lymphoma (NHL). By genetically re-engineering T- Cells patient's in the laboratory to focus on cancer cells, CAR-T-Cell therapy has shown remarkable success. This review investigates into the molecular changes of CAR T cells, studies this clinical outcomes, as well as discusses the challenges create by the tumor microenvironment (TME). It also addresses the associated undesired harmful effect, Including Cytokine- Releasing- Syndrome (CRS),as well as explores approaching innovations in CAR- T-Cell therapy, including CRISPR genome editing and novel strategies for targeting solid malignant.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema) is an acute and life threatening condition seen in patients with pneumonitis (inflammation of lung tissue) causing respiratory failure. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is defined by its acute onset, persistent hypoxemia, and pulmonary infiltrates from a direct or indirect lung injury. This review outlines the pathophysiological basis of the syndrome, including the inflammation, the damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane, the role of cytokines and the progression through the exudative, proliferative, and fibrotic phases. The review also addresses risk factors including pneumonia, sepsis, trauma, and hereditary susceptibility. The review goes in more detail about the diagnostic criteria with emphasis on the Berlin definition and diagnostic modalities including imaging and blood gas analysis. It reviews current management, focusing on positive pressure ventilation, invasive ventilation, exhaust ventilation system, the use of medication and ECMO. We discuss the possible sequalae of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), such as chronic lung disease, multi-organ failure and psychiatric sequalae. Finally, the prognosis is outlined and future perspectives are discussed, including precision medicine, stem cell therapies, and electronic communication or robotization in ARDS management. These lines attempt to provide broad information on ARDS as well as perspectives for future therapeutic approaches.