Kidney stones have been rising in prevalence both domestically and worldwide. The healthcare system provides a great variety of treatments. The advancement of treatment effectiveness through cost-effective research may benefit patients, healthcare providers, and the whole healthcare system. Therapeutic options include medication in which herbal or allopathic drugs are included along with surgical intervention. Since a decade, there has been a surge in the research on cost-effective therapeutic options, but we do find very few reviews regarding the same. Keeping this in view, a Medline search was done to review relevant articles in English literature on evaluation of different herbal therapies available using the MeSH terms herbal therapy, renal stones & preventive measures. Data were constructed; issues were reviewed to illustrate the effects of these on the outcome and correlate on the reduction in the burden of disease across different population.

Helicobacter. pylori infection is a global health problem that leads to gastriculcers and cancer. The current study aimed to identify some of the factors affecting infection with H. pylori and to study its sensitivity to some antibiotics. This study was conducted in the Endoscopy Unit in the Gastrointestinal Center of Baghdad Teaching Hospital for the period from 25/1/2021 to 4/3/2022.55 isolates of H.pylori were detected. Factors affecting infection with H. pylori that were studied included age, as it reached the highest rate of infection in the age group (11-20years(, with a rate of 33%, as well as gender had an effect on infection, as females showed a higher infection rate than male, it reached 71% and 29%, respectively. Smoking was also associated with infection with H. pylori, by 24%, and the type of food was also associated with infection, by 36%. There was also a relationship between the infection and the place of residence, as the infection appeared in villages higher than in cities, by 58% and 42%,respectively, some immune diseases associated with H. pylori infection were also studied, as it was found that there is a relationship between H. pylori infection and diabetes, with a rate of 41%.The sensitivity test using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method showed that most of the H .pylori isolates are sensitive to the antibiotics under study and gave the highest sensitivity to Rifabutin(99%) and lowest sensitivity to Penicillin(8%).Therefore, early detection and knowledge of the factors affecting the increase in infection with this bacterium, as well as regular antibiotic sensitivity test, helps to limit its spread and improve control of the outbreak of the disease.